Finally, it was noted that women sampled from Japan were least likely to partake in seeing a doctor in concern of changes in their breasts compared to women sampled from the other two research locations. It was also found that women sampled from Paraguay were more confident in detecting changes in their breast compared to women sampled from the Japan or the US.

Using statistical analysis of breast check rates of women in Japan, Paraguay, and the United States, this research found that women sampled in Asunción, Paraguay check their breasts more often than either women sampled from Scottsdale, U.S. Other variables, which are also considered in this study, that might affect this include wealth level, education, having general awareness of breast cancer, having regular health checks, and having some breast education. This study, then, compares women’s breast health knowledge and behavior in Japan, Paraguay, and the US. Although the United States might be a country that spends more on healthcare than any other nation, there are residents that still lack healthcare (De Lew, Greenberg & Kinchen, 1992). To accommodate for this, the United States came up with the Affordable Care Act, which extends coverage to the uninsured. However, it does have a mix of public and private sectors, meaning there is little to no coverage for its citizens. A country such as the United States does not have universal health insurance. In order for citizens to gain insurance, one would have to either be formally employed or choose to pay out-of-pocket for hospital visits (“Paraguay”, 2017). On the other hand, a country such as Paraguay is composed of both public and private sectors. The government takes responsibility in giving accessible and equitable healthcare to its entire population (Zhang & Oyama, 2016). For example, Japan is a clear example of a region that provides universal health insurance to its citizens. The goal of this study is to determine how varying healthcare systems in three countries (Japan, Paraguay, US) affect a woman’s likelihood of seeing a physician in regard to their breasts.

Healthcare systems and insurance systems vary widely around the world, and this may play an important role in understanding variability in women’s breast health knowledge and behavior globally. There is an enormous unmet need for services, education, and outreach to improve women’s breast health.

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